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Readings in Natural Law
Natural law, or right reason, rests on the self-evident
truths of fundamental goods and supposes that human action can be
directed toward what is morally right by practical reason. According
to Aquinas, "Good is the first thing that falls under the apprehension
of the practical reason, which is directed to action: since every
agent acts for an end under the aspect of good. Consequently the
first principle in the practical reason is one founded on the notion
of good." Summa
Theologiae,
I—II, 94, a.2.
Below are selected readings exploring the truths and application
of natural law.
- Aristotle
- Aristotle, Ethics.
Aristotle, Politics.
- St. Thomas Aquinas
- St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa
Theologiae, Blackfriars, London, 1975.
St. Thomas Aquinas, Commentarium super epistolam ad Romanos,
c.14, lect.2 (ad v.5), in S. Thomae Aquinatis Super Epistolas
S. Pauli Lectura, R. Cai, O.P. (ed.), Marietti, Turin.
St. Thomas Aquinas, In Duo Praecepta Caritatis et in Decem
Legis Praecepta. Prologus: Opuscula Theologica, II, No.1129,
Ed. Taurinen, Paris, 1954.
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- Althusius, Johannes
- Althusius, Johannes. Politics.
Translated with an introduction by Frederick S. Carney. Boston:
Beacon Press, 1964 [1614].
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- Black, Rufus
- Black, Rufus. Christian Moral Realism: Natural Law, Narrative,
Virtue, and the Gospel. New York: Oxford University Press,
2000.
Black, Rufus. "Is the New Natural Law Theory Christian?" In The
Revival of Natural Law: Philosophical, Theological and Ethical
Responses to the Finnis-Grisez School, 148-63. Edited by Nigel
Biggar and Rufus Black. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2000.
Black, Rufus. "The New Natural Law Theory." In The Revival
of Natural Law: Philosophical, Theological and Ethical Responses
to the Finnis-Grisez School, 1-28. Edited by Nigel Biggar
and Rufus Black. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2000.
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- Biggar, Nigel
- Biggar, Nigel. "Karl Barth and Germain Grisez on the Human
Good: An Ecumenical Rapprochement." In The Revival of
Natural Law: Philosophical, Theological and Ethical Responses
to the Finnis-Grisez School, 164-83. Edited by Nigel Biggar
and Rufus Black. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2000.
Biggar, Nigel. The Hastening that Waits: Karl Barth's Ethics.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
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- Budziszewski, J.
- Budziszewski, J. Written on the Heart: The Case for Natural
Law, Intervarsity Press, 1997.
Budziszewski, J. The Revenge of Conscience: Politics
and the Fall of Man, Spence Publishing, 2000.
Budziszewski, J. "The
Roots of Law", Religion and Liberty vol. 11, n.
5, 2001.
Budziszewski, J., What We Can't Not Know: A Guide, Spence
Publishing, 2003.
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- Brunner, Emil
- Brunner, Emil. Christianity and Civilization. New York:
Charles Scribner's Sons, 1948-49.
Brunner, Emil. Justice and the Social Order. Translated
by Mary Hottinger. London: Lutterworth Press, 1945.
Brunner, Emil. Man in Revolt: A Christian Anthropology.
Translated by Olive Wyon. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1947.
Brunner, Emil. Revelation and Reason: The Christian Doctrine
of Faith and Knowledge. Translated by Olive Wyon. Philadelphia:
Westminster Press, 1946.
Brunner, Emil. The Divine Imperative: A Study in Christian
Ethics. Translated by Olive Wyon. New York: Macmillan, 1937.
Brunner, Emil and Karl Barth. Natural Theology ("Nature
and Grace" by Brunner and the Reply "No!" by Barth). Translated
by P. Fraenkel. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1946.
- Finnis, John
- Finnis, John. Natural Law and Natural Rights, Clarendon
Press, Oxford, 1980/1993.
Finnis, John. Fundamentals of Ethics, Georgetown
University Press, Washington, D.C., 1983.
Finnis, John. "A Bill of Rights for Britain? The Moral
of Contemporary Jurisprudence", Maccabaean Lecture in Jurisprudence,
Proceedings of the British Academy 71, 1985: 143-81.
John Finnis, Joseph Boyle, and Germain Grisez, Nuclear Deterrence:
Morality and Realism, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987.
Finnis, John. "Legal Enforcement of 'Duties to Oneself':
Kant v. Neo-Kantians", Columbia Law Review 87, 1987.
Finnis, John. Joseph M. Boyle, and Germain Grisez, "Incoherence
and Consequentialism (or Proportionalism)—A Rejoinder",
American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly 64, 1990.
Finnis, John. Moral Absolutes: Tradition, Revision,
and Truth, Catholic University of America Press, Washington,
D.C., 1991.
Finnis, John. Aquinas: Moral, Political and Legal Theory,
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.
- George, Robert P.
- Robert P. George (ed.), Natural Law Theory: Contemporary
Essays, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995.
George, Robert P. "Recent Criticism of Natural Law Theory",
University of Chicago Law Review 55, 1988: 1371-1429.
George, Robert P. and Gerard Bradley, "Marriage and the Liberal
Imagination", Georgetown Law Journal 84, 1995.
George, Robert P. "Moralistic Liberalism and Legal Moralism",
Michigan Law Review 88, 1990: 1421-2.
George, Robert P. "Does the 'Incommensurability Thesis' Imperil
Common Sense Moral Judgements?" American Journal of Jurisprudence
37, 1992: 185-195.
George, Robert P. Making Men Moral: Civil Liberties and Public
Morality, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993.
George, Robert P. (ed.), Natural Law, Liberalism, and Morality,
Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996.
George, Robert P. "Natural Law and Positive Law", in
Robert P. George, The Autonomy of Law: Essays on Legal Positivism,
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996.
George, Robert P. "Natural Law and International Order",
in Terry Nardin et al. (eds.), The Constitution of International
Society: Diverse Ethical Perspectives, Princeton University
Press, Princeton, 1998.
George, Robert P. In Defense of Natural Law, Clarendon
Press, Oxford, 1999.
George, Robert P. "A
Clash of Orthodoxies", First Things 95, 1999:
33-40
Josh Dever/Robert P. George, "A
Clash of Orthodoxies: An Exchange", First Things
104, 2000, 47.
Robert P. George and Christopher Wolfe (ed.), Natural Law and
Public Reason, Georgetown University Press, Washington, D.C.,
2000.
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- Glendon, Mary Ann
- Glendon, Mary Ann. Rights Talk: The Impoverishment of Political
Discourse, Free Press, New York, 1991.
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- Gierke, Otto Friedrich von
- Gierke, Otto Friedrich von. Natural Law and the Theory of
Society, 1500—1800. Translated by Ernest Barker. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1950.
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- Gregg, Samuel
- Gregg, Samuel. Morality, Law, and Public Policy, St.
Thomas More Press, Sydney, 2001.
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- Grisez, Germain
- Grisez, Germain. The Way of the Lord Jesus, 3.Vols, 1983,
1993, 1997
Grisez, Germain. Joseph Boyle, and John Finnis, "Practical
Principles, Moral Truth, and Ultimate Ends", American
Journal of Jurisprudence 32, 1987: 99-151.
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- Gustafson, James M
- Gustafson, James M. Protestant and Roman Catholic Ethics:
Prospects for Rapprochement. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1978.
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- Hare, John E
- Hare, John E. God's Call: Moral Realism, God's Commands,
and Human Autonomy. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
Company, 2001.
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- Helm, Paul
- Helm, Paul. "Calvin and Natural Law." Scottish
Bulletin of Evangelical Theology 2 (1984): 5-22.
Helm, Paul. "John Calvin, the sensus divinitatis, and the
Noetic Effects of Sin." International Journal for Philosophy
of Religion 43, no. 2 (April 1998): 87-107.
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- Henry, Paul B
- Henry, Paul B. "Types of Protestant Theology and the Natural
Law Tradition." Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1970.
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- Hittinger, Russell
- Hittinger, Russell. A Critique of the New Natural
Law Theory, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, 1987.
Hittinger, Russell. "The
Gospel of Life: A Symposium", First Things 56,
October 1995.
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- Jackson, Robert
- Jackson, Robert. "Opening Speech", in Trial of
the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal,
vol. ii, Proceedings, 11/14/1945-11/30/1945 [Official text in
the English language], IMT, Nuremberg, 1947: Second Day, Wednesday,
11/21/1945, Part 20, 143.
Jackson, Robert. "Closing Speech", in Trial of the
Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal,
vol. xix, Proceedings, 7/19-29/1946, [Official text in English
language], IMT, Nuremberg, 1947: One Hundred and Eighty-Seventh
Day: Friday, 7/26/1946: Morning Session: Part 2, 29.
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- Kuyper, Abraham
- Kuyper, Abraham. De gemeene gratie. 3 vols. Leiden: Donner,
1902.
Kuyper, Abraham. Encyclopaedie der heilige godgeleerdheid.
3 vols. Amsterdam: J. A. Wormser, 1894.
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- MacIntyre, Alasdair
- MacIntyre, Alasdair. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory,
Notre Dame University Press, Notre Dame, 1981.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. Whose Justice? Which Rationality?
Notre Dame University Press, Notre Dame, 1988.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. "The Privatization of Good", Review
of Politics 52, 1990: 320-48.
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- McInerney, Ralph
- McInerney, Ralph. Ethica Thomistica, Catholic University
of America Press, Washington, D.C., 1982.
McInerney, Ralph. "The Principles of Natural Law." American
Journal of Jurisprudence 25 (1980): 1-15.
Juan de Mariana, S.J.
Juan de Mariana, S.J. A
Treatise on the Alteration of Money, 1609. Translated
by Patrick T. Brannan, S.J. In Journal of Markets & Morality
Volume 5, Number 2 (2002): 523-593.
- Maritain, Jacques
- Maritain, Jacques. The Rights of Man and Natural Law,
Gordian Press, New York, 1943/1970.
Maritain, Jacques. True Humanism, Geoffrey Bles,
London, 1981.
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- Messner, Johannes
- Messner, Johannes. Social Ethics: Natural Law in the Western
World. Rev. ed. Translated by J. J. Doherty. St. Louis and
London: B. Herder Book Company, 1965.
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- Mouw, Richard J
- Mouw, Richard J. He Shines in All That's Fair: Culture and
Common Grace. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
Company, 2001.
Mouw, Richard J. The God Who Commands: A Study in Divine Command
Ethics. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1990.
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- Murray, John Courtney, S.J.
- Murray, John Courtney, S.J., We hold these Truths: Catholic
Reflections on the American Proposition, Sheed and Ward, Kansas
City, 1961.
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- Novak, David
- Novak, David. Jewish Social Ethics, Oxford University
Press, Oxford, 1993.
Novak, David. Natural Law in Judaism, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 1999.
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- Oakley, Francis
- Oakley, Francis. "Medieval Theories of Natural Law: William
of Ockham and the Significance of the Voluntarist Tradition."
Natural Law Forum 6 (1961): 65-83.
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- John Paul II
- John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Veritatis
Splendor, 1993.
Wojtyla, Karol. "The Human Person and Natural Law." In Person
and Community: Selected Essays, 181-85. Translated by Theresa
Sandok, O.S.M. New York: Peter Lang, 1993.
Karol Wojtyla, "Animadversiones scripto exhibitae quoad schema
declarationis de libertate religiosia", in Acta Synodalia
Sacrosancti Concilii Oeumenici Vaticani II, Fourth Session,
Volume 2, 1977, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano,
1977.
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- Pius XI
- Pius XI, Encyclical Letter Mit
Brennender Sorge, 1937.
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- Rommen, Heinrich
- Rommen, Heinrich. The Natural Law: A Study in Legal and Social
History and Philosophy. Translated by T. R. Hanley. Indianapolis,
Ind.: Liberty Press, 1999.
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- Schreiner, Susan E
- Schreiner, Susan E. "Calvin's Use of Natural Law."
In A Preserving Grace: Protestants, Catholics, and Natural
Law, 51-76. Edited by Michael Cromartie. Grand Rapids, Mich.:
Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company/Ethics and Public Policy Center,
1997.
Schreiner, Susan E. The Theater of His Glory: Nature and the
Natural Order in the Thought of John Calvin. Durham, N.C.:
Labyrinth Press, 1991.
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- Second Vatican Council, Declaration on Religious Liberty Dignitatis
Humanae, 7 December 1965, para. 2 in A. Flannery, O.P. (gen.
ed.), Vatican Council II: The Conciliar and Post Conciliar
Documents, vol. 1 (rev. ed.), Fowler Wright Books Ltd., Leominister,
1988.
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- Shawcross, Sir Hartley
- Shawcross, Sir Hartley. "Opening Address", in Trial
of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal,
vol. iii, Proceedings, 12/1/1945-12/14/1945 [Official text in
the English language], IMT, Nuremberg, 1947: Twelfth Day, Tuesday,
12/4/1945, Part 1, 91-4; Part 6, 106.
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- Suarez, Francisco
- Suarez, Francisco. De Legibus ac Deo Legislatore, Coimbra,
1612.
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- Sudduth, Michael Czapkay
- Sudduth, Michael Czapkay. "The
Prospects for 'Mediate' Natural Theology in John Calvin."
Religious Studies 31, no. 2 (March 1995): 53-68.
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- Vermigli, Peter Martyr
- Vermigli, Peter Martyr. Commentary on Aristotle's Ethics.
Vol. 7. The Peter Martyr Library. Translated by Emidio
Campi and L. Wysocki. Kirksville, Mo.: Truman State University
Press, forthcoming.
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- Vos, Arvin
- Vos, Arvin. Aquinas, Calvin, and Contemporary Protestant
Thought: A Critique of Protestant Views on the Thought of Thomas
Aquinas. Washington, D.C. and Grand Rapids, Mich.: Christian
University Press and Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1985.
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- Westberg, Daniel
- Westberg, Daniel. Right Practical Reason: Aristotle, Action,
and Prudence in Aquinas. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
Westberg, Daniel. "The Reformed Tradition and Natural Law." In
A Preserving Grace: Protestants, Catholics, and Natural Law,
103-17. Edited by Michael Cromartie. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm.
B. Eerdmans Publishing Company/Ethics and Public Policy Center,
1997.
Westberg, Daniel. "The Relation Between Positive and Natural Law
in Aquinas." Journal of Law and Religion 11 (1994-1995):
1-22.
Westberg, Daniel. "Thomistic Law and the Moral Theory of Richard
Hooker." American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly 68 (1994):
Supplement, 201-14.
D. Hieronymi Zanchi
D. Hieronymi Zanchi, Operum Theologicorum, tome 4, De
primi hominis lapsu, de peccato, and de legi Dei (Genevae:
Sumptibus Samuelis Crispini, 1617), Cap. X, “De
lege in genere,” fols. 185-221. Translated by Jeffrey
J. Veenstra. In Journal of Markets & Morality Volume
6, Number 1 (2003): 305-398.
 
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